Current progress and challenges in crop genetic transformation

Plant transformation remains the most sought-after technology for functional genomics and crop genetic improvement, especially introducing specific new traits to modify or recombine already existing traits. Along with many other agricultural technologies, global production of genetically engineered crops has steadily grown since they were first introduced 25 years ago. Since transfer DNA into plant cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens, different methods have enabled rapid advances in molecular breeding approaches bring varieties novel market that would be difficult not possible achieve conventional methods. Today, produce is fastest widely adopted agriculture. The rapidly increasing number sequenced genomes information from data understand gene function, together cloning tissue culture methods, further accelerating improvement trait development. These are welcome needed make more resilient climate change secure their yield feeding human population. Despite success, a bottleneck because species genotypes recalcitrant established regeneration conditions, show poor transformability. Improvements morphogenetic transcriptional regulators, but broader applicability tested. Advances genome editing techniques direct, non-tissue culture-based offer alternative enhance varietal development crops. Here, we review recent developments regeneration, discuss opportunities technologies